Western Christianity has read these two chapters for centuries as if they were two separate elections. One for Israel that expired at the cross. One for the Church that took its place. That reading requires you to ignore what both chapters actually say.
Read them together and replacement theology has nowhere to stand. Read them with Yirmiyahu underneath and the framework collapses entirely.
Romans 9: Israel’s Promises in the Present Tense
Sha’ul opens with anguish. He would be cut off from Mashiach Himself if it would save his kinsmen according to the flesh. Then he lists what still belongs to them.
“They are Isra’el, with whom the adoption of sons, the Shekhinah, the covenants, the giving of the Torah, the Temple service, the promises; to whom belong the patriarchs; and from whom, as far as physical descent is concerned, came the Messiah, who is over all. Praised be ADONAI for ever. Amen.”
Romans 9:4-5 (CJB)
Read what Sha’ul lists. Adoption. The Shekhinah, the dwelling presence. The covenants. The Torah. The Temple service. The promises. The patriarchs. The Messiah’s bloodline.
All of it.
And read what tense he writes it in. Present indicative. ARE Israel. Not WERE Israel. Sha’ul writes this in the mid-50s CE, decades after the resurrection, and he says these things STILL belong to Israel. The covenantal possessions of Israel are not in the past tense for Sha’ul. They are in his present.
The argument does not finish in chapter 9. Sha’ul carries it through chapters 10 and 11, where the partial hardening of Israel is named as the temporary, purposeful mechanism by which the nations are brought in. “All Israel will be saved” (Romans 11:26). “God’s gifts and his calling are irrevocable” (11:29). Anguish in 9:1 to doxology in 11:33. Because Israel’s election did not end.
That is move one.
Ephesians 1: One Plan, Set Before the Foundation
Now read what Sha’ul wrote to a Gentile audience in Ephesus.
“Praised be ADONAI, Father of our Lord Yeshua the Messiah, who in the Messiah has blessed us with every spiritual blessing in heaven. In the Messiah he chose us in love before the creation of the universe to be holy and without defect in his presence... we have been given an inheritance, we who were marked out beforehand to be his, in keeping with the purpose of the One who effects everything in accordance with the decision of his will... furthermore, you who heard the message of the truth, the Good News offering you deliverance, and put your trust in the Messiah were sealed by him with the promised Ruach HaKodesh.”
Ephesians 1:3-13 (CJB, condensed)
Watch the pronouns. Sha’ul says “we,” referring to himself and the Jewish believers who hoped in Mashiach first (1:12 makes this explicit). Then he says “you,” referring to the Gentile believers who came in after. Then in 1:13, both are sealed in the same Spirit, marked for the same inheritance.
Two groups. One election. One plan.
And the plan is set “before the creation of the universe” (1:4). It is not a backup plan installed when Israel failed. It is not a Church-replacing-Israel plan. It is the plan HaShem had from the beginning. To gather a people in Mashiach. Both Jew and Gentile. Together.
Sha’ul names the seal in the next breath. The Ruach HaKodesh is “the guarantee of our inheritance” (1:14), the arrabonin Greek, a down-payment on the full possession yet to come. The same Spirit on Jewish and Gentile believers alike. The same guarantee. The same inheritance. One people, sealed by the same Spirit, awaiting the same possession.
That is move two.
The Combo
Romans 9 says Israel’s election stands. Present tense. Sha’ul listed every covenantal possession and refused to put any of them in the past.
Ephesians 1 says Gentile election is the EXPANSION of that same election, not its replacement. Set before the foundation of the world. The same plan, the same Mashiach, the same Spirit, the same inheritance.
Read them together and what do you have? One olive tree (Romans 11). Natural branches still attached. Wild branches grafted in. ONE tree. ONE election. ONE people.
Replacement theology requires you to read each chapter alone, in isolation, and to ignore what the other one says. Put the two chapters in the same hand at the same time and the framework collapses.
Jeremiah 32: The Bedrock Under Both Moves
Both of Sha’ul’s chapters are built on top of Jeremiah [Yirmiyahu]. Specifically, on top of one of the most overlooked passages in the prophets.
Yirmiyahu 32 finds the prophet in prison. Yerushalayim is under siege by Babylon. The destruction is imminent. The land is about to be conquered, the people exiled, the institutions burned. In that moment, HaShem tells Yirmiyahu to BUY a field. From his cousin. In Anatot. A piece of land that is about to fall to the Chaldeans. Sealed, witnessed, the deed of purchase stored in an earthen vessel “that they may last many days” (32:14).
Why? Because HaShem is making a statement in the form of a real estate transaction. Even as judgment falls, the future of this land belongs to Israel. The deed is the proof.
And then HaShem speaks.
“I will gather them from all the countries where I drove them in my anger, fury and great wrath; I will bring them back to this place and have them live securely. They will be my people, and I will be their God. I will give them unity of heart and action, so that they will fear me forever, for their own good and for the good of their children after them. I will make an everlasting covenant with them that I will never turn away from them but will always do them good; and I will put fear of me in their hearts, so that they will never turn away from me.”
Yirmiyahu 32:37-40 (CJB)
Read what HaShem promises. He will GATHER them back. They will be HIS people. He will be THEIR God. He will give them unity of heart and action. He will make with them a brit olam (בְּרִית עוֹלָם), an everlasting covenant. He will not turn away from doing them good.
This is the bedrock under both of Sha’ul’s chapters. When Sha’ul writes Romans 9 and says these things “ARE” Israel’s, he is standing on Yirmiyahu 32. When Sha’ul writes Ephesians 1 and says the election was set before the foundation of the world, he is reaching back into the same brit olam HaShem named through Yirmiyahu.
The deed of purchase Yirmiyahu sealed in an earthen vessel is the same deed every replacement-theology framework has been trying to tear up for two thousand years. It cannot be torn up. HaShem signed it Himself, in His own anger and wrath, while the city was burning. If the everlasting covenant survived the Babylonians, it survived everything after.
Israel was never replaced. Israel was joined. The election set before the foundation of the world was always going to gather the nations into the same olive tree HaShem planted with Avraham and renewed by deed in Anatot.
The deed is sealed. The vessel holds. The covenant stands. Replacement has nowhere to stand.
Shalom v’shalvah. Your brother in the Way,
Sergio